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brain-fag
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News and current affairs
And other studies show that giving leads to activity in the reward centers of the brain (the areas of the brain that are also stimulated by tasty food and sex).
Today, Western universities are replete with distinguished Arab scholars in almost every field - the result of a brain drain that itself reflects the Islamic world's centuries of decline.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recently warned that TV viewing by young children is dangerous for their brain development, and called on parents to keep children under two away from the TV and similar media.
How does your brain form its most significant memories?
Although people and rats fear different things, the manner in which the rat and human brain and body respond to danger is similar.
Because fear is at the core of many human pathologies, from panic attacks to posttraumatic stress disorder, breakthroughs in understanding the brain's fear system may lead to new ways to treat these disorders.
It is through studies of the way the brain learns about stimuli, such as the sounds that precede danger, that our systems for learning about fear, and memory as a whole, have been elucidated through rat studies.
The implication of these findings is that early on (perhaps since dinosaurs ruled the earth, or even before) evolution hit upon a way of wiring the brain to produce responses likely to keep an organism alive in dangerous situations.
Once the fear system detects and starts responding to danger, a brain such as the human brain, with its enormous capacity for thinking, reasoning, and musing, begins to assess what is going on and tries to determine what to do.
But in order to be consciously fearful you have to have a sufficiently complex kind of brain, one aware of its own activities.
While this is undoubtedly true of the human brain, it is not at all clear which (if any) other animals have this capacity.
So, in evolutionary terms, the fear system of the brain is very old.
Indeed, scientists have not only identified some of the brain pathways that shape our ethical decisions, but also chemical substances that modulate this neural activity.
Doctors rely on observation of memory loss and other thinking deficits (such as reasoning or language comprehension) - signs that plaques are already present in the brain.
Major advances have since been made in brain imaging, biochemical analysis, and, perhaps most important, genetic testing.
Fifteen years prior to onset, a positron emission tomography (PET) scan showed amyloid-beta being deposited in plaques in the brain itself.
In order to understand feelings, we need to step back from their superficial expression in our conscious experiences and dig deeper into how the brain works when we have these experiences.
A fundamental discovery has been that the brain has multiple memory systems, each devoted to different kinds of memory functions.
Only by taking these systems apart in the brain have neuro-scientists been able to figure out that these are different kinds of memory, rather than one memory with multiple forms of expression.
Many of the most common psychiatric disorders that afflict humans are emotional disorders; many of these are related to the brain's fear system.
Research into the brain mechanisms of fear helps us to understand why these emotional conditions are so hard to control.
After all, Egypt is the heart, brain, and nerve center of the Arab world.